14.   “From the 127-page…”--David Larter and Andrew Tilghman, “Military clearance OPM data breach 'absolute calamity' ,” Navy Times, June 18, 2015

          15.   “It is next to impossible…”--Bruce Schneier quoted in Homer Jenkins, “The Anti-Hero of Silk Road.” Wall Street Journal, June 3,2015

          16.  “Under Putin, Russia had…”-- Nicole Perlroth, “Online Security Experts Link More Breaches to Russian Government, New York Times, October 28, 2014

          17.  “The Silk Road founder…”-- Homer Jenkins, “The Anti-Hero of Silk Road.” Wall Street Journal, June 3, 2015.  Also author’s interview with a former Justice Department official who requested anonymity.

          18.  “Better cyber security than…”—Morell. op.cit. p. 291

       CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO

       The Chinese Puzzle

     1.  “The first [false assumption] …”—Snowden video in Hong Kong


          2.  “Giving China its first…”--2014 Annual Report to Congress by the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, quoted in David Tweed, “China Takes Nuclear Weapons Undersea Away From Prying Eyes, Bloomberg Business, December 8, 2014
          3.  “Results of decades of...”—Select Committee, U.S. Congress, Report, 1999. http://www.house.gov/coxreport/chapfs/over.html

          4.  “A vast enterprise in China…”-- Nir Kshetri, The Rapidly Transforming Chinese High-Technology Industry and Market (Chandos Publishing, London) 2008. p.92

          5.  “By 2007, Paul Strassmann…”-- Staff, “China 'has .75M zombie computers' in U.S.,”  UPI, September 17, 2007

          6.  “Cyber attack had harvested…”-- James Lewis, “Hackers May Have Obtained Names), New York Times, June 11,2015

          7.  “Those records are a legitimate...”-- Gerald Baker, “Michael Hayden Says U.S. Is Easy Prey for Hackers,” Wall Street Journal. June 21, 2015

     8.  "Any attempt to monopolize…"-- Patrick Goodenough, “Chinese President in Veiled Warning to the US: Don’t Try to ‘Monopolize Regional Affairs.’ CNS News May 22, 2014

          9.  “This mandate includes monitoring…”—Author’s interview with a dormer U.S. intelligence officer stationed in Hong Kong who requested anonymity.

     10.  “Regards Hong Kong as ...”—Author’s interview with Tyler Drumheller



          CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE

         The Pawn in the Game

       1.  “The whole key is...”-- Transcript of interview with Snowden in Moscow. “I, Spy: Edward Snowden in Exile,” Ewen MacAskill and Alan Rusbridger, the Guardian, July 18, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/18/-sp-edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-interview-transcript.
       2.  “Sources go dark that…”—ibid.

       3.  “Single point of failure…”—Ibid.

       4.  “If any further incentive…”—Morell. op.cit. p.286

       5.  “Snowden thinks he is…”-- Morell. op.cit.p.285

       6.  “The purpose of my…”--“I, Spy: Edward Snowden in Exile,” Ewen MacAskill and Alan Rusbridger, The Guardian, July 18, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/18/-sp-edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-interview-transcript

  7.  “The time pressure resulted…”-- Barton Gellman, “Code name ‘Verax’: Snowden, in exchanges with Post reporter, made clear he knew risk.” Washington Post, June 9, 2013

       8.  “This guy isn’t where…”-- I, Spy: Edward Snowden in Exile,” Ewen MacAskill and Alan Rusbridger, the Guardian, July 18, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/18/-sp-edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-interview-transcript

       9.  “It was a nervous period…”—ibid.

       10.  “I’m not going to…”—David Boyer, “Obama on Snowden: ‘I’m not going to be scrambling jets to get a 29-year-old hacker’,” Washington Times, June 27, 2013

       11.  “Angleton told me in…”—Author’s interview with James Jesus Angleton

       12.  “Sir David Omand, the…”-- Tom Harper, Richard Kerbaj and Tim Shipman, “British Spies betrayed to Chinese and Russians,” Sunday Times (London), June 14, 2015

       13.    “Adding insult to injury…”-- 

       14.  Katrina vanden Heuval and Stephen F. Cohen, “Snowden Speaks: A Sneak Peek an Exclusive Interview,” The Nation, (website), October 10, 2014 http://www.thenation.com/article/edward-snowden-speaks-sneak-peek-exclusive-interview/



       CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR
       Dinner with Oliver Stone

  1.  “I had to tune to…”--Stuart Kemp, “Oliver Stone Options Novel by Edward Snowden's Russian Lawyer,” Hollywood Reporter, June 10, 2013



       2.   “Before flying to Moscow…”—Author’s Interview with Oliver Stone
       3.  “$1 million dollars for…”--Mike Fleming, Jr. “Oliver Stone Buys Edward Snowden Russian Lawyer’s “Novel” About Asylum-Seeking Whistleblower,” Deadline, June 10, 2014

       4.  “For nine months...”- Bamford, Wired. op. cit. 

       5.  “The only door to…”—Author’s email exchange with Lazamir Gotta




  6.         CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE
        The Vanishing Act

       1.  . “The talk about Russia…”--“The NSA was actually…”--James Bamford and Tim De Chant, “Edward Snowden on Cyber Warfare, Nova, PBS. January 8, 2015

       2.  8. “Izvestia, “a special operation…”— Andrei Gridasov, Igor Yavlyansky and Mary Gorkovskaya “Secret Services in Moscow with Wikileaks conducted Operation Snowden,” Izvestia, June 23, 2013

       3.  “If they [the U.S. Government]…”-- Katrina vanden Heuval and Stephen F. Cohen, “Snowden Speaks: A Sneak Peek an Exclusive Interview,” The Nation, (website), October 10, 2014

       4.   “Discussed the danger with Assange …”-- Assange interview, (London) Sunday Times. Giles Whittell, “Julian Assange unmasked.” Times Magazine, August 29, 2015.

       5.  “Everyone was screaming ‘Snowden’…”—Author’s interview with Irina Galushka

       6.   “Sarah Harrison told Vogue …”-- Sara Corbett. “How a Snowdenista Kept the NSA Leaker Hidden in a Moscow Airport,” Vogue, February 19, 2015.

  7.  “So either the rule…”—The maximum stay is listed on the hotel’s website. http://www.eng.v-exp.ru/servicepayment/

       8.  “Traveling under a false name …”—Author’s interview with Irina Galushka,

       9.  “Statement on the Wikileaks…”-- “Statement from Edward Snowden in Moscow,” https://wikileaks.org/Statement-from-Edward-Snowden-in.html

       10.  “Terminal D contains a…”—Author’s interview with Andrei Lugovoi.

       11.   “It was a total…”—Author’s Interview with Egor Piskunov

           CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX

   Through the Looking Glass



1.  “There’s definitely a deep state…”-- Katrina vanden Heuval and Stephen F. Cohen, “Snowden Speaks: A Sneak Peek an Exclusive Interview,” The Nation, (website), October 10
       2.  “According to Cherkashin, Ames…”- Author’s interview with Victor Cherkashin
       3.  Morell. op.cit. p. 297

       4.  “Pelton had left the NSA…”- George E. Curry, “Ex-intelligence Expert Guilty Of Espionage, Chicago Tribune, June 6, 1986.Also, see Pelton in Appendix A

       5.  “Signed a copy of my book…”-- Edward Jay Epstein, James Jesus Angleton: Was He Right. op cit.  In handing Cherkashin my book, I told him that his recruitments of Ames and Hanssen had validated Angleton’s theory that the KGN was capable of sustaining long-term moles in U.S. intelligence.




6.                                   CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN
                 The Handler



  1.  “As for his [Snowden’s] communication…”-- Anatoly Kucherena Interview, “Snowden believes he did everything right,” Sophie & Co, RT Television, September 23,2013
  2.  “I learned from a Russian researcher…”-- Author’s interview with Vassili Sonkine

  3.  “When I had been investigating…”—Edward Jay Epstein, Annals of Unsolved Crime, op.cit, pp. 209-240

  4.  “I don’t know him...”—Author’s interview with Andrei Lugovoi

  5.  “It was a rare…”— The vast majority of the 15 Americans defectors to the Soviet Union in the Cold War, including Joel Barr, Morris and Lona Cohen, Victor Hamilton, Edward Lee Howard, George Koval, Bernon Mitchell, William Martin, Isaiah Oggins, Alfred Sarant, Robert E. Webster and Flora Wovschin were involved in espionage.  The remaining three, Harold N. Kochs, a Catholic Priest protesting the Vietnam War, Arnold Lockshin, a Communist party organizer, and Lee Harvey Oswald, a U.S. Marine, defected for idealistic principles.  All were given asylum, and two, Webster and Oswald, redefected to the United States.  

  6.  “They had been invited…”—Tanya Lokshinam “Meeting Edward Snowden,” Dispatches, July 13,2015 https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/07/12/dispatches-meeting-edward-snowden

  7.  “Read a prepared statement…”—“Statement by Edward Snowden,” July 12, 2013, https://wikileaks.org/Statement-by-Edward-Snowden-to.html.  

  8.  “I asked  how he…”-- Author’s interview with Anatoly Kucherena.

  9.  “Kucherena had personally approved….”—Author’s interview with Sophie Shevardnadze

     CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT

              Snowden’s Choices

     1.  “He also had access…”—Author’s interview with Source A

     2.  “Presidential Policy Directive 20…”—Greenwald. op.cit. p. 75

     3.  “Trace the theft of…”—Author’s interview with Michael Hayden

          4.  “I had a special level…”-- Edward Snowden and Peter Taylor, “Are you a traitor,” Transcript. BBC Panorama, October 15, 2015 (Aired on BBC October 10, 2015)

     5.  “Robert Hanssen changed positions…”—See Robert Hanssen, Appendix A

     6.  “In respect to China alone…”-- James Risen, “Snowden Says He Took No Secret Files to Russia,” New York Times, October 17, 2013

     7.  “If things went wrong…”-- Edward Snowden and Peter Taylor, “Are you a traitor,” Transcript. BBC Panorama, October 15, 2015 (Aired on BBC October 10, 2015)
     8.  “Gellman considered Hong Kong…”-- Barton Gellman, “Code name ‘Verax’: Snowden, in exchanges with Post reporter, made clear he knew risk.” Washington Post, June 9, 2013

     9.  “First priority was to…”—Greenwald. op.cit. p.49

     10.  “Snowden obviously knew this…”—Author’s interview with Tyler Drumheller

     11.  “Snowden told the editor…”-- I, Spy: Edward Snowden in Exile,” Ewen MacAskill and Alan Rusbridger, the Guardian, July 18, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/18/-sp-edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-interview-transcript

     12.  “MacAskill offered him the…”—The Snowden Saga. Op.cit.

     13.  “He applied for the job…”—Author’s interview with a former Booz Allen employee who requested anonymity.

     14.  “He had also brought…”-- Edward Snowden and Peter Taylor, “Are you a traitor,” Transcript. BBC Panorama, October 15, 2015 (Aired on BBC October 10, 2015)



     15.  “He made contact with a…”--“Gellman considered Hong Kong…”-- Barton Gellman, “Code name ‘Verax’: Snowden, in exchanges with Post reporter, made clear he knew risk.” Washington Post, June 9, 2013
     16.  “The mission’s already accomplished…”-- Barton Gellman, “Edward Snowden, after months of NSA revelations, says his mission’s accomplished, “ Washington Post, December 13, 2013

     17.  “His legal representative in Moscow…”-- Sophie Shevardnadze, “'Snowden believes he did everything right' - lawyer Anatoly Kucherena,” RT Television, September 23, 2013.




     18.  CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE
          The Whistle-Blower Who Became an Espionage Source



     1.  “The government’s investigation failed…” Bamford. Wired. Op.cit
     2.  “If I were providing…”-- “I, Spy: Edward Snowden in Exile,” Ewen MacAskill and Alan Rusbridger, the Guardian, July 18, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/18/-sp-edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-interview-transcript

     3.  “For our enemies, having...”—Morell. op.cit. p. 294

          4.   “There is no way…”—Author’s interview with an intelligence source who requested anonymity

     5.  “Pelton, for example, who…”—Author’s interview with Victor Cherkashin.

     6.  Staff, “Congressman says Snowden planned escape to China,” UPI. June 16, 2013

     7.  Donald Rumsfeld, Press Conference at NATO Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium, June 6, 2002

       CHAPTER THIRTY

       The Consequences for the War on Terror



  1.  “Because of a number of…”--Amy Davidson, “Don’t Blame Edward Snowden for the Paris Attacks,” The New Yorker, November 19, 2015
       2.  “None of the communications…”-- David Gauthier-Villars, “Paris Attacks Show Cracks in France’s Counterterrorism Effort,” Wall Street Journal, November 23, 2015

       3.  “Testimony of General Alexander…”--  Ellen Nakashima,“Officials: Surveillance programs foiled more than 50 terrorist plots.” Washington Post, June 18, 2013

       4.  “A third NSA program…”-- Glenn Greenwald, “XKeyscore: NSA tool collects 'nearly everything a user does on the internet,” Guardian. July 31, 2013

       5.  “To assist furtive Internet users…”--  Jacob Appelbaum and Laura Poitras, “Edward Snowden Interview: The NSA and Its Willing Helpers.” Spiegel Online International. Jul 8, 2013

       6.  “Within weeks of the…”—Morell, op.cit. p.294

       7.  : What heightened Morell’s concern…”—ibid. p.315

       8.  “The NSA was also…”—Author’s interview with Source A

       9.  “Admiral Rogers, the new…”-- Bill Gertz, “NSA Director: Snowden’s Leaks Helped Terrorists Avoid Tracking,” Washington Free Beacon,February 24, 2015


















     10.      APPENDEX A
        SPIES AND ESPIONAGE SOURCES 
[TK]
























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